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When cytoplasmic catecholamine concentrations rise to levels that threaten to saturate both VMAT2 sequestration and mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) degradation pathways, the reversal of plasma membrane transporters provides a vital escape route (Underhill et al., 2021)

In patients with ME/CFS, research has shown that the Krebs cycle is often impaired, with blockages occurring at specific enzymatic steps

In certain jurisdictions and approved treatment settings, IV injections for skin lightening may be utilized as part of clinician-defined protocols, where permitted by local healthcare authorities

This review summarizes GBM pathogenesis and ferroptosis mechanisms, then focuses on ferroptosis-targeted GBM therapy through target sites and pharmacological agents