Some theorize that this is part of the reason why young people experience few ill effects of smoking, but the habit wreaks havoc on their bodies as they age
To view a copy of this licence, visit About this article Cite this article Yoffe, A., Liu, J., Smith, G
Macroscopically, a degenerated disc contains annulus fissures 8 , and/or endplate defects 9 , and microscopic changes include accelerated loss of water-retaining glycosaminoglycan (GAG) molecules 10 , nerve and blood vessel infiltration 11 , cell clustering 12 , and upregulation of matrix-degrading enzymes 13
They may lead to hepatotoxicity by different mechanisms, namely, mitochondrial damage by nucleoside analogs like didanosine and stavudine, hypersensitivity reactions by nevirapine, efavirenz, or abacavir, direct liver injury byusing full doses of ritonavir and immune reconstitution phenomena, mainly in severely immunosuppressed patients with underlying chronic hepatitis B virus [HBV]