Smoking-Induced Oxidative Stress in Bone: The Effects on Bone Turnover Jlia Benini Kohler 1 , Jader Joel Machado Junqueira 1 , Taysa Cristiane Moreira da Silva 3 , Marco Antonio Gonalves Pontes Filho 3,4 , Iolanda De Ftima L C Tibrio 1 , Fernanda Degobbi T Q S Lopes 1 , Alexandre Pvoa Barbosa 1,2* 1 Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 2 Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital do Corao - SP Brazil 3 Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 4 Departments of Orthopaedics and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Abstract Despite of clinical evidence of increased incidence of bone diseases amongst smokers as well as worsening recovery in orthopedic surgeries, it is still unclear which pathological mechanisms are induced by smoking and how these events impair bone turnover
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McNeil, et al., Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018, Public Health England , February 2018, [iv] Royal College of Physicians, Nicotine without Smoke: Tobacco Harm Reduction , April, 2016, [v] Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes, The National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine , 2018, [vi] American Cancer Society, What Do We Know About E-cigarettes?, June 19, 2019, [vii]American Lung Foundation, Whats In a Cigarette?, February 20, 2019, [viii] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking, January 17, 2018, fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.html
