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The last 5 or 6 years have seen a huge amount of volatility in the market, punctuated by various geopolitical pressures, regional conflicts and environmental factors the COVID19 Pandemic, drought and irregular rainfall, extreme weather such as flooding and storms, soil degradation from monocultures (only growing tobacco) led to decreased yields, then the Russian invasion of Ukraine, US Tariffs under the Trump administration and now the USA/Israel conflict with Iran, affecting the Middle East

Smoked, chewed, snuffed, or burned as incense Used in: Prayers Vision quests Healing ceremonies Treaties and diplomacy Offerings to spirits, ancestors, or the land Among many Plains and Eastern tribes, tobacco was believed to carry prayers upward with the smoke

This level of control is impossible with commercial cigarettes , where large manufacturers often mix leaves together without much care, sacrificing quality for efficiency and profitability

Acknowledgements The authors thank Cambustion Ltd