The most widely used of such instruments are the Fagerstrm Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ), created in 1978,(4) and its improved version, the Fagerstrm Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND, Appendix 1), both devised by Fagerstrm et al.(5,6) The FTND was developed mainly because the FTQ had significant psychometric disadvantages, such as unacceptable internal consistency, poor criterion validity and a multifactorial structure.(7) The FTND was initially developed to determine whether or not nicotine replacement therapy is needed to treat withdrawal syndrome
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Smoking tobacco in cigarettes, cigars, or pipes has known effects on your respiratory system and other systems in your body
While tobacco cigarettes are known to contain toxic and addictive substances associated with serious health problems, natural herbal cigarettes tend to focus on natural ingredients and can be considered a less harmful option