In addition to standard investigational medicinal product requirements, NP-based formulations entering clinical development must provide detailed manufacturing parameters and comprehensive physicochemical characterization, as in vitro quality attributes do not necessarily predict in vivo behavior ( 3.9 NP type diversity and public acceptance A wide range of NPbased drug delivery systems have been investigated for IBD, each characterized by distinct physicochemical properties, therapeutic efficiencies, and safety profiles ( Table 2 ) ( In summary, while nanomaterials hold significant promises for drug delivery, diagnostics, and targeted therapiesparticularly for chronic GI conditionscritical challenges remain, including large-scale production, manufacturing consistency, and ensuring long-term product stability (Korsmeyer, 2016
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