Figure 1 Decreased RNA expression levels of immune checkpoints, such as TIGIT, CTLA-4, and BTLA were observed in epithelium obtained from nasal scrape biopsies of self-described active e-cigarette users compared with samples from non-smokers ( In vitro analysis indicated that exposure of human neutrophil to e-cigarette aerosols impaired migration, phagocytosis, oxidative burst response, extracellular trap formation, and induced changes in PD-L1 expression
Cigarette smoking is recognized as a leading cause of illness and death worldwide [13, 14]
Seymour, B.W., Pinkerton, K.E., Friebertshauser, K.E., Coffman, R.L
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and chronic pulmonary diseases