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The results have been further shown by cross-sectional and case-control studies, in which OS was characterized by a high level of F2-isoprostanes in urine and a low level of antioxidant enzymes in blood, along with a reduced bone mineral density and an increased risk of osteoporosis 100 , 101

10.1152/physrev.00023.2016 204 SarkarM.BhardwajR.MadabhaviI.KhatanaJ

11" RISE , 28" INSEAM IN SIZE 5 99% COTTON, 1% SPANDEX

It is known to increase the risk of inflammatory bowel disease like IBD." Dr Rohan Badave, Consultant - Medical Gastroenterology, Manipal Hospital, Goa, echoes the concern, "Tobacco use (smoking or chewing) can alter the balance of gut bacteria, potentially contributing to bloating, flatulence, abdominal discomfort, and altered bowel habits." Experts say this microbial imbalance may explain why many tobacco users frequently complain of gas, abdominal discomfort, unpredictable bowel movements, and persistent digestive uneasiness