Flavored, sweetened, or lemon-infused waters can contain sugars or artificial sweeteners that may affect your results, so they are not a safe substitute
Then, we'll explore the composition of vape aerosol and how it differs from actual smoke
At a subcellular level, toxins in cigarette smoke, such as cadmium and acrolein, are known to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and increase oxidative stress

Technical report (2014) FHWA: Longitudinal Rumble Strips and Stripes on Two-Lane Roads | FHWA (2021) FHWA: Intersection Safety | FHWA (2022) FHWA: Highway Safety Manual | FHWA (2024) FHWA: Intersection Control Evaluation | FHWA (2025) available at: FHWA: Proven Safety Countermeasures | FHWA (2025) available at: FHWA: Road Diets (Roadway Reconfiguration) | FHWA (2021) FHWA: Roadside Design Guide, 4th Edition | FHWA (2011) FHWA: Safe Transportation for Every Pedestrian (STEP) | FHWA (2025) available at: FHWA: Speed Management | FHWA (2024) available at: FHWA: Summary Report: Development of a Speeding-Related Crash Typology - FHWA-HRT-10-039 (2010) available at: FHWA: Traffic Calming ePrimer | FHWA (2017) FHWA: Traffic Signal Timing Manual (2008) available at: FHWA: Unsignalized Intersection Improvement Guide (UIIG) | FHWA (2015) available at: FHWA: Vision Zero in New York City | FHWA (2017) Fisa R, Musukuma M, Sampa M, Musonda P, Young T (2022) Effects of interventions for preventing road traffic crashes: an overview of systematic reviews
