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We speculate in the paper that its just a cheap metal that they put in devices, but those cheap metals apparently dissolve in the presence of the e-liquid. "I quantified lead at such extreme concentrations that I thought my instrument was broken." Najat Saliba, an atmospheric chemist at the American University of Beirut who was not involved with the study, says the contents of the e-liquid could also be acting as a catalyst to the leaching process

Smokers v/s normal lungs is a stark contrast between a healthy set of lungs compared to one affected by smoking

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And if you want to dig deeper into running costs across different devices, the vape cost calculator is worth a few minutes of your time.