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Identification of stable cytotoxic factors in the gas phase extract of cigarette smoke and pharmacological characterization of their cytotoxicity

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The study team created one-to-two-year observation periods (from 2014 to 2021), comparing functionally important respiratory symptoms (wheezing and nighttime coughing) in four groupsthose who continued smoking cigarettes, those who adopted dual use, those who switched completely to e-cigarettes, and those who quit tobacco entirely

Ad valorem taxes are based on the value of the products (e.g., a percentage on the factory or retail price), while specific taxes are levied based on quantity (e.g., tax per carton/per cigarette/per gram loose-leaf)