The released mtDNA was subsequently recognized by cytosolic cGAS, activating the STING pathway and inducing a pro-inflammatory response by IFN, TNF, IL-6, and IL-1 (Yu et al., 2020)
To mitigate IGF-1 side effects such as joint pain, swelling, and nerve compression, bodybuilders can follow several strategies: use the lowest effective dose under medical supervision, rotate injection sites, maintain proper hydration, support joints with supplements like glucosamine or omega-3 fatty acids, and incorporate stretching and mobility exercises
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*Correspondence: Annalisa Terranegra [email protected] These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship This article was submitted to Nutrigenomics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Nutrition Disclaimer All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers
